Which devices are used to test the breathability of fabrics for sportswear and outdoor gear?
To test the breathability of fabrics used in sportswear and outdoor gear, manufacturers rely on several specialized devices that assess how well the fabric allows moisture vapor (sweat) to pass through while blocking liquid water. The most common methods and devices used are:
- Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR) Tester:
The MVTR tester measures the amount of moisture vapor that passes through a fabric in a given time period. It simulates real-world conditions by measuring the flow of water vapor from one side of the fabric to the other. Common equipment for this test includes:- Cup Method (ASTM E96): The fabric is placed over a container of water, and the rate of evaporation through the fabric is measured over time. This test is typically done at a controlled temperature and humidity.
- Desiccant Method: A controlled environment is created using a desiccant (material that absorbs moisture), and the amount of water vapor passing through the fabric is monitored.
- Thermal Manikin or Heat Transfer Tester:
A thermal manikin simulates the human body and evaluates how well a fabric allows heat and moisture to escape. It measures skin temperature and sweat evaporation, providing an indication of breathability under different environmental conditions. This method is widely used for testing outdoor gear like jackets, suits, and gloves. - Air Permeability Tester:
The air permeability tester measures the flow of air through the fabric, which is directly related to its breathability. By quantifying the number of cubic centimeters of air passing through a fabric under a specified pressure, it provides an assessment of how breathable the material is. Common equipment used for this test includes:- Rigorous methods like the ASTM D737 air permeability test measure the rate at which air passes through the fabric under standardized pressure conditions.
- Sweat Wetting Test (Condensation Test):
This test evaluates how well a fabric can absorb moisture and transfer it away from the body. The fabric is placed under controlled sweating conditions, and its moisture management properties are tested by observing how much moisture is absorbed and how quickly it is evaporated. - Water Vapor Transmission (WVT) Tester:
Similar to MVTR, the WVT tester measures the rate at which water vapor passes through a fabric and provides insights into both moisture control and comfort for active wear. This test is essential for outdoor gear like rain jackets, sleeping bags, and tents.
In summary, to evaluate the breathability of fabrics for sportswear and outdoor gear, common devices include MVTR testers, thermal manikins, air permeability testers, and sweat wetting tests, all of which assess how effectively a fabric allows moisture vapor to pass through, ensuring comfort and performance in high-activity environments.
